Most Famous Greek Philosophers

Greek philosophers

• Aristotle 384 BC – 322 BC · Greek

  Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath born in Stagira in 384 BC. A student of Plato and tutor to Alexander the Great, he founded the Peripatetic school at the Lyceum in...

• Plato 428 BC – 348 BC · Greek

  Plato was an Athenian philosopher and the founder of the Academy, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. A student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle, ...

• Socrates 470 BC – 399 BC · Greek

  Socrates was a classical Athenian philosopher credited as a founder of Western philosophy. He wrote nothing himself; his ideas survive through the dialogues of his students, chi...

• Epictetus c. 50 – c. 135 · Greek

  Epictetus was a Greek Stoic philosopher of the first and early second centuries, born into slavery in Hierapolis in Roman Phrygia and freed in adulthood. He taught Stoic philoso...

• Epicurus 341 BC – 270 BC · Greek

  Epicurus was a Greek Hellenistic philosopher who founded the school known as the Garden in Athens around 307 BC. His ethics taught that pleasure, properly understood as the abse...

• Democritus c. 460 BC – c. 370 BC · Greek

  Democritus of Abdera was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of the fifth and early fourth centuries BC, regarded with his teacher Leucippus as a co-founder of the atomist traditio...

• Diogenes of Sinope c. 412 BC – 323 BC · Greek

  Diogenes of Sinope was an ancient Greek philosopher and one of the founders of the Cynic school. After his exile from Sinope on the Black Sea coast he settled in Athens, where h...

• Heraclitus c. 535 BC – c. 475 BC · Greek

  Heraclitus of Ephesus was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of the late sixth and early fifth centuries BC, known in antiquity as the Obscure for the difficulty of his sayings. H...

• Plutarch 46 AD – 119 AD · Greek

  Plutarch of Chaeronea was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, biographer, and priest at Delphi. His Parallel Lives paired famous Greeks with famous Romans to illuminate the mo...

• Pythagoras 570 BC – 495 BC · Greek

  Pythagoras was a Greek philosopher and mathematician born on the island of Samos around 570 BC. He founded a religious and philosophical brotherhood at Croton in southern Italy,...

• Zeno of Citium 334 BC – 262 BC · Greek

  Zeno of Citium was a Greek philosopher of Phoenician descent and the founder of Stoicism. After surviving a shipwreck on the voyage to Athens around 312 BC, he became a student ...

• Chrysippus 279 BC – 206 BC · Greek

  Chrysippus of Soli was a Greek philosopher and the third head of the Stoic school, often regarded as its second founder. He was an extraordinarily prolific writer, credited in a...

• John Chrysostom 347 AD – 407 AD · Greek

  John Chrysostom, the Golden-Mouthed, was an early Christian preacher, archbishop of Constantinople, and one of the most important Fathers of the Greek-speaking Church. After asc...

• Parmenides c. 515 BC – c. 460 BC · Greek

  Parmenides of Elea was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of the late sixth and early fifth centuries BC, the founder of the Eleatic school and one of the most influential thinker...

• Proclus 412 AD – 485 AD · Greek

  Proclus Lycius was a Greek Neoplatonist philosopher and the last great head of the Platonic Academy at Athens. He systematized the Neoplatonic tradition inherited from Plotinus ...

• Solon 630 BC – 560 BC · Greek

  Solon was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet, traditionally counted as one of the Seven Sages of Greece. Appointed archon during a period of severe social and economic cr...

• Theophrastus c. 371 BC – c. 287 BC · Greek

  Theophrastus of Eresus was an ancient Greek philosopher and the immediate successor of Aristotle as head of the Peripatetic School at the Lyceum in Athens. He directed the schoo...

• Anaxagoras c. 500 BC – c. 428 BC · Greek

  Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an ancient Greek Pre-Socratic philosopher of the 5th century BC, born in Ionia and active for many years in Athens, where he was a friend and report...

• Antiphon c. 480 BC – 411 BC · Greek

  Antiphon was a Greek sophist of late fifth-century Athens, sometimes identified with Antiphon of Rhamnus, the celebrated orator and statesman of the same period. The two long fr...

• Antisthenes c. 445 BC – c. 365 BC · Greek

  Antisthenes of Athens was an ancient Greek philosopher of the 5th and 4th centuries BC, a student of Socrates and traditionally regarded as the founder of the Cynic school of ph...

• Arcesilaus 316 BC – 241 BC · Greek

  Arcesilaus of Pitane was a Greek philosopher and the founder of the New, or skeptical, Academy. As head of Plato's school he turned its dialectical method against the dogmatic c...

• Basil the Great 330 AD – 379 AD · Greek

  Basil of Caesarea, called the Great, was a fourth-century Cappadocian theologian, bishop, and the chief organizer of Eastern Christian monasticism. The elder brother of Gregory ...

• Bion of Borysthenes c. 325 BC – c. 250 BC · Greek

  Bion of Borysthenes was a Greek philosopher of the third century BC, the son of a freedman and a courtesan, who reinvented the ancient diatribe as a vehicle of moral instruction...

• Cleanthes 330 BC – 230 BC · Greek

  Cleanthes of Assos was a Greek Stoic philosopher who succeeded Zeno of Citium as head of the Stoa around 262 BC. Originally a boxer who arrived in Athens with little money, he s...

• Clement of Alexandria 150 AD – 215 AD · Greek

  Titus Flavius Clemens, known as Clement of Alexandria, was a Christian theologian and the first major teacher of the catechetical school at Alexandria, where he helped to shape ...

• Crantor c. 340 BC – c. 275 BC · Greek

  Crantor of Soli was a Greek philosopher of the Old Academy and the first systematic commentator on Plato's Timaeus. A pupil of Xenocrates and the close friend and associate of P...

• Cratylus c. 460 BC – c. 380 BC · Greek

  Cratylus was a Greek philosopher of late fifth and early fourth century BC Athens, an Heraclitean who carried the doctrine of universal flux to its extreme conclusion. According...

• Critias c. 460 BC – 403 BC · Greek

  Critias was an Athenian aristocrat, sophist, tragedian, and statesman of the late fifth century BC and the most prominent of the Thirty Tyrants who ruled Athens after the city's...

• Demonax c. 70 – c. 170 · Greek

  Demonax was a Cypriot Cynic philosopher of the second century AD who lived for most of his long life in Athens. The biographer Lucian, his pupil, devoted to him a brief Life tha...

• Diogenes Laertius c. 180 – c. 240 · Greek

  Diogenes Laertius was a Greek biographer of philosophers of the third century AD, the author of the Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, the most extensive surviving anci...

• Empedocles c. 490 BC – c. 430 BC · Greek

  Empedocles of Acragas was an ancient Greek Pre-Socratic philosopher of the 5th century BC, born in the Greek city of Acragas in Sicily. His doctrine of the four elements, earth,...

• Galen 129 AD – c. 216 AD · Greek

  Aelius Galenus, known as Galen of Pergamon, was a Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher of the Roman Empire and the most influential medical author of antiquity. Trained in ...

• Gorgias 483 BC – 375 BC · Greek

  Gorgias of Leontini was a Greek Sophist and rhetorician who lived to a great age, traveling between Sicily and Athens as a celebrated public speaker. His treatise On Non-Being a...

• Gregory of Nazianzus 329 AD – 389 AD · Greek

  Gregory of Nazianzus, called the Theologian, was a fourth-century Cappadocian Father, archbishop of Constantinople, and one of the principal architects of Trinitarian orthodoxy....

• Gregory of Nyssa 335 AD – 395 AD · Greek

  Gregory of Nyssa was a fourth-century Cappadocian bishop and theologian and one of the architects of orthodox Trinitarian theology. The younger brother of Basil the Great and fr...

• Leucippus c. 480 BC – c. 420 BC · Greek

  Leucippus was an ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and the founder, with his pupil Democritus, of the atomist tradition. Almost nothing survives of his biography or writing...

• Polus c. 440 BC – c. 380 BC · Greek

  Polus of Acragas was a Greek sophist and rhetorician of the late fifth century BC, a pupil of the great rhetorician Gorgias and the author of a now-lost handbook of rhetoric. He...

• Posidonius 135 BC – 51 BC · Greek

  Posidonius of Apamea was a Greek Stoic philosopher, polymath, and one of the most learned men of antiquity. Settling in Rhodes, where he taught the young Cicero, he produced enc...

• Protagoras 490 BC – 420 BC · Greek

  Protagoras of Abdera was a Greek thinker traditionally counted as the first of the Sophists. He traveled widely as a teacher of rhetoric and civic virtue, charging substantial f...

• Simplicius c. 490 AD – c. 560 AD · Greek

  Simplicius of Cilicia was a Greek Neoplatonist philosopher and the last great commentator on Aristotle in the Athenian tradition. After the closure of the Platonic Academy by Ju...

• Thales of Miletus c. 624 BC – c. 546 BC · Greek

  Thales of Miletus was an ancient Greek Pre-Socratic philosopher of the 7th and 6th centuries BC, traditionally regarded as the first philosopher of the Western tradition and a f...

• Xenophanes 570 BC – 475 BC · Greek

  Xenophanes of Colophon was a Greek philosopher and poet who traveled widely after leaving Ionia and lived to a great age. He produced the earliest sustained critique of anthropo...

• Philolaus 470 BC – 385 BC · Greek

  Philolaus of Croton was a Greek Pythagorean philosopher and the first member of the Pythagorean school whose writings survived into the classical period. His fragments, preserve...

• Melissus of Samos c. 470 BC – c. 400 BC · Greek

  Melissus of Samos was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and the last great representative of the Eleatic school founded by Parmenides. Active in the mid-fifth century BC, he comm...

• Sextus Empiricus c. 160 – c. 210 · Greek

  Sextus Empiricus was a Greek physician and philosopher of the second and early third centuries AD, the principal extant source for ancient Pyrrhonian Skepticism. His major works...

• Alcinous c. 100 AD – c. 175 AD · Greek

  Alcinous was a Greek philosopher of the second century AD and the author of the Handbook of Platonism, the principal surviving systematic introduction to Middle Platonist doctri...

• Anaximander 610 BC – 546 BC · Greek

  Anaximander was a Greek philosopher of Miletus, a pupil and successor of Thales, born around 610 BC. He is the first known thinker to have written a work of natural philosophy i...

• Philodemus c. 110 BC – c. 30 BC · Greek

  Philodemus of Gadara was a 1st-century BC Greek Epicurean philosopher and poet, who taught in Italy under the patronage of the Roman politician Lucius Calpurnius Piso. His works...

• Aristo of Chios c. 320 BC – c. 250 BC · Greek

  Aristo of Chios was a Greek Stoic philosopher and pupil of Zeno of Citium who broke with his master on several important doctrines and led an austere variant of early Stoicism. ...

• Maximus of Tyre c. 125 AD – c. 185 AD · Greek

  Maximus of Tyre was a Greek Platonist philosopher of the Roman Empire who lectured at Athens, Rome, and elsewhere during the reign of Commodus. Forty-one of his short Dissertati...

• Anaximenes 585 BC – 528 BC · Greek

  Anaximenes of Miletus was a Greek philosopher and the third of the Milesian school, after Thales and Anaximander. Born around 585 BC, he held that air is the underlying principl...

• Theano c. 546 BC – c. 470 BC · Greek

  Theano of Croton was a Greek Pythagorean philosopher of the late sixth and early fifth century BC and one of the earliest women in the Western philosophical tradition. According...

• Thrasymachus c. 459 BC – c. 400 BC · Greek

  Thrasymachus of Chalcedon was a Greek sophist of late fifth-century BC Athens and one of the most celebrated rhetoricians of his generation. His own writings on rhetoric and pol...

• Zeno of Elea 490 BC – 430 BC · Greek

  Zeno of Elea was a Greek philosopher and a pupil of Parmenides. He defended his teacher's claim that reality is one and unchanging by constructing a series of paradoxes intended...

• Maximus the Confessor 580 AD – 662 AD · Greek

  Maximus the Confessor was a seventh-century Greek Christian monk and theologian and one of the great architects of Eastern patristic thought. After service in the imperial court...

• Pyrrho of Elis c. 360 BC – c. 270 BC · Greek

  Pyrrho of Elis was an ancient Greek philosopher of the late fourth and early third centuries BC, the founder of the philosophical school of Skepticism that bears his name as Pyr...

• Aesara of Lucania c. 350 BC – c. 280 BC · Greek

  Aesara of Lucania was a Pythagorean philosopher of the fourth or third century BC, possibly the daughter of the Pythagorean Aresas, and one of the few female Pythagoreans whose ...

• Aetius the Doxographer c. 50 – c. 120 · Greek

  Aetius, sometimes called Aetius the Doxographer, was a Greek philosophical author of the first or second century AD, the compiler of a now-lost handbook of philosophical opinion...

• Agrippa the Skeptic c. 10 – c. 80 · Greek

  Agrippa the Skeptic was a Greek Pyrrhonist philosopher of the first century AD, traditionally the author of the famous Five Modes of skeptical argument, preserved in Sextus Empi...

• Alcmaeon of Croton c. 540 BC – c. 460 BC · Greek

  Alcmaeon of Croton was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and physician, sometimes counted among the early Pythagoreans of southern Italy. He is the earliest known author of a Gre...

• Alexander of Aphrodisias c. 150 – c. 210 · Greek

  Alexander of Aphrodisias was a Peripatetic philosopher of the late second and early third centuries AD, head of the Aristotelian school in Athens at the end of the second centur...

• Ammonius Hermiae c. 440 AD – c. 520 AD · Greek

  Ammonius Hermiae was a Greek Alexandrian Neoplatonist philosopher and the principal teacher of Aristotelian and Platonic philosophy in the eastern Mediterranean in the late fift...

• Anaxarchus c. 380 BC – c. 320 BC · Greek

  Anaxarchus of Abdera was a Greek philosopher of the late fourth century BC, a Democritean who accompanied Alexander the Great on his eastern campaigns and the principal teacher ...

• Andronicus of Rhodes c. 100 BC – c. 40 BC · Greek

  Andronicus of Rhodes was a Greek Peripatetic philosopher of the first century BC, traditionally counted as the eleventh head of the Aristotelian school in Athens, and the editor...

• Antiochus of Ascalon 130 BC – 68 BC · Greek

  Antiochus of Ascalon was a Greek philosopher who broke with the skeptical New Academy of Carneades and Philo of Larissa to revive a positive, dogmatic Platonism. As head of the ...

• Antipater of Tarsus c. 200 BC – c. 130 BC · Greek

  Antipater of Tarsus was a Greek Stoic philosopher and the head of the Stoic school in the second century BC, succeeding Diogenes of Babylon at Athens around 152 BC. His writings...

• Antiphon the Sophist c. 480 BC – c. 410 BC · Greek

  Antiphon the Sophist was an Athenian sophist and intellectual of the late fifth century BC, traditionally distinguished by modern scholars from his contemporary, the orator Anti...

• Apollodorus the Garden Tyrant c. 150 BC – c. 110 BC · Greek

  Apollodorus, called the Garden Tyrant, was a Greek Epicurean philosopher of the second century BC and head of the Garden in Athens, the eighth or ninth scholarch of the school. ...

• Archelaus c. 490 BC – c. 405 BC · Greek

  Archelaus of Athens was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher, pupil of Anaxagoras and, according to a strong ancient tradition, the teacher of Socrates. He combined his master's doc...

• Archytas of Tarentum 428 BC – 347 BC · Greek

  Archytas of Tarentum was a Greek philosopher, mathematician, statesman, and friend of Plato, the leading figure of the late Pythagorean tradition. He served as elected general o...

• Arete of Cyrene c. 370 BC – c. 340 BC · Greek

  Arete of Cyrene was a Greek philosopher of the Cyrenaic school and one of the earliest women in the Western philosophical tradition. The daughter of Aristippus the Elder, the fo...

• Aristides Quintilianus c. 250 – c. 350 · Greek

  Aristides Quintilianus was a Greek philosophical music theorist of late antiquity, the author of the most extensive surviving ancient treatise on music, On Music in three books,...

• Aristippus 435 BC – 356 BC · Greek

  Aristippus of Cyrene was a Greek philosopher and the founder of the Cyrenaic school. A pupil of Socrates who reacted in a very different direction from Plato, he held that the g...

• Aristoxenus c. 360 BC – c. 300 BC · Greek

  Aristoxenus of Tarentum was a Greek Peripatetic philosopher and music theorist of the fourth century BC, a pupil of Aristotle and a son of the Pythagorean musician Spintharus. H...

• Asclepigenia of Athens c. 430 – c. 485 · Greek

  Asclepigenia of Athens was a fifth-century Greek Neoplatonist philosopher and the daughter of Plutarch of Athens, the head of the Athenian Neoplatonic Academy. Marinus's Life of...

• Athenodorus Cananites c. 74 BC – c. 7 AD · Greek

  Athenodorus Cananites of Tarsus was a Greek Stoic philosopher of the first century BC and the first century AD, a pupil of Posidonius and the principal philosophical tutor of th...

• Carneades 214 BC – 129 BC · Greek

  Carneades of Cyrene was a Greek philosopher and the most important head of the New Academy, the skeptical phase of Plato's school. He was famous for his ability to argue with eq...

• Crates of Athens c. 350 BC – c. 268 BC · Greek

  Crates of Athens was a Greek philosopher and the fifth head of the Platonic Academy after Polemo, succeeding around 270 BC. Together with his slightly older friend Polemo, who h...

• Crates of Thebes 365 BC – 285 BC · Greek

  Crates of Thebes was a Greek Cynic philosopher and the principal student of Diogenes of Sinope. Born wealthy, he gave away his property to his city and adopted the Cynic life of...

• Critolaus of Phaselis c. 200 BC – c. 118 BC · Greek

  Critolaus of Phaselis was a Greek Peripatetic philosopher and the head of the Aristotelian school in the second century BC, one of the three philosophers, with Diogenes of Babyl...

• Demetrius of Phalerum c. 350 BC – c. 280 BC · Greek

  Demetrius of Phalerum was a Peripatetic philosopher and Athenian statesman who governed Athens for ten years on behalf of Cassander before fleeing in exile to the court of Ptole...

• Demetrius the Cynic c. 10 AD – c. 80 AD · Greek

  Demetrius the Cynic was a Greek philosopher of the first century AD and one of the most admired Cynics of the Roman period. Active in Rome and Greece, he was a close friend of S...

• Diodorus Cronus c. 340 BC – c. 284 BC · Greek

  Diodorus Cronus was a Greek philosopher of the Dialectical school descended from the Megarians and one of the most important logicians of the early Hellenistic age. Active at Al...

• Diogenes of Apollonia c. 460 BC – c. 390 BC · Greek

  Diogenes of Apollonia was a Greek pre-Socratic natural philosopher of the late fifth century BC and the last great representative of the early Ionian tradition of inquiry into t...

• Diogenes of Babylon c. 230 BC – c. 150 BC · Greek

  Diogenes of Babylon, also called Diogenes the Stoic, was a Greek philosopher, the head of the Stoic school after Chrysippus, and one of the three philosophers, with the Academic...

• Diogenes of Oenoanda c. 150 – c. 220 · Greek

  Diogenes of Oenoanda was an Epicurean philosopher of the second century AD who, in old age and at his own expense, had a long Epicurean inscription carved on the columned wall o...

• Eubulides of Miletus c. 400 BC – c. 330 BC · Greek

  Eubulides of Miletus was a Greek philosopher of the Megarian school and a contemporary and vigorous critic of Aristotle. He was renowned in antiquity for the invention or refine...

• Eudemus of Rhodes c. 370 BC – c. 300 BC · Greek

  Eudemus of Rhodes was a Greek Peripatetic philosopher of the fourth century BC, a senior pupil of Aristotle who, on Aristotle's death, was passed over in the succession to Theop...

• Hecato of Rhodes c. 150 BC – c. 75 BC · Greek

  Hecato of Rhodes was a Greek Stoic philosopher of the late second and early first centuries BC and one of the most prolific moralists of the late Hellenistic Stoa. A pupil of Pa...

• Heraclides Lembus c. 200 BC – c. 130 BC · Greek

  Heraclides Lembus was a Greek Peripatetic philosopher and Egyptian official of the second century BC, who served Ptolemy VI Philometor and is credited with negotiating the famou...

• Heraclides Ponticus c. 387 BC – c. 312 BC · Greek

  Heraclides Ponticus was a Greek philosopher of the early Academy, born at Heraclea on the Pontus and trained at Athens under Plato. A polymath of extraordinary range, he wrote o...

• Hermarchus c. 325 BC – c. 250 BC · Greek

  Hermarchus of Mytilene was a Greek philosopher and Epicurus's chosen successor as the second head of the Garden in Athens. The principal philosophical writings attributed to him...

• Hierocles the Stoic c. 100 AD – c. 180 AD · Greek

  Hierocles the Stoic was a Greek Stoic philosopher of the second century AD, distinct from the later Neoplatonist Hierocles of Alexandria. Substantial portions of his Elements of...

• Hippasus of Metapontum c. 530 BC – c. 450 BC · Greek

  Hippasus of Metapontum was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and Pythagorean of the early fifth century BC, traditionally credited or, in the less friendly versions of the story,...

• Hippias of Elis c. 470 BC – c. 400 BC · Greek

  Hippias of Elis was a Greek sophist of the late fifth century BC and one of the most colorful intellectuals of the age of Socrates. He boasted of a complete polymathic competenc...

• Hippodamus of Miletus c. 498 BC – c. 408 BC · Greek

  Hippodamus of Miletus was a Greek architect, urban planner, mathematician, and political philosopher of the fifth century BC, traditionally credited with the design of the recta...

• John Philoponus c. 490 AD – c. 570 AD · Greek

  John Philoponus was a Greek Alexandrian Christian philosopher, theologian, and Aristotelian commentator of late antiquity. A pupil of the Neoplatonist Ammonius Hermiae, he produ...

• Lastheneia of Mantinea c. 380 BC – c. 320 BC · Greek

  Lastheneia of Mantinea was a Greek Platonist philosopher of the fourth century BC, one of the very few women known to have studied at Plato's Academy in Athens. According to Dio...

• Lycophron c. 425 BC – c. 380 BC · Greek

  Lycophron was a Greek sophist and rhetorician of the late fifth and early fourth century BC, a pupil of Gorgias and one of the boldest political philosophers of the sophistic tr...

• Menippus of Gadara c. 280 BC – c. 180 BC · Greek

  Menippus of Gadara was a Greek Cynic philosopher and satirist of the third century BC, traditionally born a slave and later freed, whose mixed-genre satires of philosophical pre...

• Oenomaus of Gadara c. 120 – c. 180 · Greek

  Oenomaus of Gadara was a Greek Cynic philosopher of the second century AD, the author of a celebrated polemic against Greek and Roman oracles called The Charlatans Unmasked, of ...

• Onesicritus c. 360 BC – c. 290 BC · Greek

  Onesicritus of Astypalaea was a Greek Cynic philosopher of the late fourth century BC, a pupil of Diogenes of Sinope, who accompanied Alexander the Great on his Indian campaign ...

• Panaetius 185 BC – 109 BC · Greek

  Panaetius of Rhodes was a Greek Stoic philosopher and the principal figure of the Middle Stoa. After studying under Diogenes of Babylon and Antipater of Tarsus, he settled in Ro...

• Peregrinus Proteus c. 95 – 165 · Greek

  Peregrinus Proteus was a Greek Cynic philosopher of the second century AD, born in Parium on the Hellespont, who, according to the often hostile life by Lucian of Samosata, pass...

• Persaeus of Citium c. 307 BC – c. 243 BC · Greek

  Persaeus of Citium was a Greek Stoic philosopher and household friend of Zeno of Citium, the founder of the Stoic school, whose name he shared with his teacher's birthplace. Sen...

• Pherecydes of Syros c. 580 BC – c. 520 BC · Greek

  Pherecydes of Syros was a Greek thinker of the early sixth century BC, traditionally counted as the teacher of Pythagoras and the author of the first Greek prose work on the god...

• Philo of Larissa c. 159 BC – c. 84 BC · Greek

  Philo of Larissa was the last head of the skeptical Platonic Academy and the teacher of Cicero in Rome. The successor of Clitomachus, he gradually moderated the radical skeptici...

• Phintys of Sparta c. 350 BC – c. 280 BC · Greek

  Phintys of Sparta was a Pythagorean philosopher of the fourth or third century BC, the daughter of the Pythagorean Callicrates of Croton and one of the few female Pythagoreans w...

• Polemo c. 350 BC – c. 270 BC · Greek

  Polemo of Athens was a Greek philosopher and the fourth scholarch of the Platonic Academy, succeeding Xenocrates and presiding over the school for nearly forty years until his d...

• Polystratus c. 270 BC – c. 219 BC · Greek

  Polystratus was a Greek Epicurean philosopher and the third head of the Garden in Athens, succeeding Hermarchus around the middle of the third century BC. The papyrus rolls pres...

• Prodicus of Ceos 465 BC – 395 BC · Greek

  Prodicus of Ceos was a Greek sophist and rhetorician of the late fifth century BC, contemporary with Socrates. Coming to Athens as an envoy from his island, he remained as a cel...

• Sosipatra of Ephesus c. 350 – c. 410 · Greek

  Sosipatra of Ephesus was a fourth-century Greek Neoplatonist philosopher of late antiquity, whose teaching and prophetic activity in the city of Pergamum is recorded in Eunapius...

• Speusippus c. 408 BC – c. 339 BC · Greek

  Speusippus was a Greek philosopher of Athens, the nephew of Plato, and his successor as scholarch of the Academy from 347 BC to his death in 339 BC. He broke with Plato on the t...

• Sphaerus of Borysthenes c. 285 BC – c. 210 BC · Greek

  Sphaerus of Borysthenes was a Greek Stoic philosopher, pupil of Zeno of Citium and of Cleanthes, who later traveled to Sparta as the philosophical adviser to the reforming kings...

• Stilpo c. 360 BC – c. 280 BC · Greek

  Stilpo of Megara was a Greek philosopher of the Megarian school and one of the most admired philosophical teachers of the early Hellenistic age. He was famed for his ethical sel...

• Teles of Megara c. 290 BC – c. 230 BC · Greek

  Teles of Megara was a third-century-BC Greek Cynic philosopher, the earliest representative of the Cynic diatribe to survive in any substantial form. The Cynic Letters and the f...

• Themistius 317 AD – 388 AD · Greek

  Themistius was a fourth-century Greek philosopher, rhetorician, and prefect of Constantinople. Committed to the Aristotelian tradition rather than to the dominant Neoplatonism o...

• Xenocrates c. 396 BC – c. 314 BC · Greek

  Xenocrates of Chalcedon was a Greek philosopher of the early Academy and the third scholarch after Plato and Speusippus, holding the office for twenty-five years. He systematize...

• Aenesidemus c. 100 BC – c. 40 BC · Greek

  Aenesidemus of Cnossos was a 1st-century BC Greek philosopher who revived the Pyrrhonian school of Skepticism after a period in which Skepticism had been dominated by the New Ac...

• Hipparchia of Maroneia c. 350 BC – c. 280 BC · Greek

  Hipparchia of Maroneia was an ancient Greek Cynic philosopher of the late 4th and early 3rd centuries BC, one of the few women philosophers documented in the historical record f...

• Strato of Lampsacus c. 335 BC – c. 269 BC · Greek

  Strato of Lampsacus was an ancient Greek philosopher and the third head of the Peripatetic School at the Lyceum in Athens, succeeding Theophrastus in 287 BC. Known in antiquity ...